可塑性记忆

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BEIJING, Nov. 17 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao is to meet his U.S. counterpart President Barack Obama Tuesday morning at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.     The summit meeting is scheduled to be held at 10:40 a.m. after a grand welcoming ceremony. The two leaders will meet the press after the talks.     Wu Bangguo, chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, will meet President Obama Tuesday afternoon.     President Obama will also visit the Palace Museum, or the Forbidden City, and attend a state banquet in his honor hosted by President Hu.

QINGDAO, Shandong, Jan. 10 (Xinhua) -- The most severe icing situation in the past 30 years in the coast off east China's Shandong Province continued to worsen amid cold snaps, oceanic officials said Sunday.     Sea ice appeared last week along the coastline of the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea as cold fronts pushed the temperature down to minus 10 degrees Celsius, said Guo Kecai, deputy general engineer of the North China Sea Branch (NCSB) of the State Oceanic Administration. A mariculturist breaks the ice on the sea in Jiaozhou, east China's Shandong Province, Jan. 10, 2010The outer edge of the ice sheets in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bayand northern Yellow Sea extended 60 nautical miles, 15.5 nautical miles and 20 nautical miles, respectively, according to the NCSB.     With another cold front expected Monday, the sea ice along the coastline would further develop, experts said.     More than 200 fishing boats were frozen at a port in Dongying Village in the Jiaozhou Bay. Fishermen said the ice sheet could be20 cm to 30 cm thick. Police help move the vessels stucked by ice in Qingdao, east China's Shandong Province, Jan. 10, 2010In the waters near Liaodong Bay and Laizhou Bay, floating ice was reported in an area of 65 to 75 nautical miles, with ice measured more than 50 cm thick, threatening ship navigation, anchoring and operations at ports, Transport Minister Li Shenglin said Saturday.     The NCSB had strengthened monitoring on icing conditions and sent warnings to local residents and governments.

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BEIJING, Dec. 30 (Xinhua) -- World media reports have praised China's efforts in promoting international cooperation to combat climate change and its contribution to a substantive result at the U.N. Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.     The per capita carbon emission in China is far lower than that in Western countries, the state media from different countries, including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Central Africa Republic and Malawi, said recently.     Acknowledging that China was facing a heavy task of development, they said that China's demand for due right to development was justifiable and reasonable.     Alongside economic development, China has increased spending on combating climate change, greatly encouraged science and technology, and become a world leader in the use of green energy, they said.     During the Copenhagen Conference, China made all efforts to communicate and negotiate with other countries. It especially brought together developing nations to jointly safeguard their common interests and made a remarkable contribution to a substantive result of the conference, they said.     Meanwhile, media in small island states, including Antigua and Barbuda, Fiji and Papua New Guinea, also spoke highly of China's responsible attitude and forceful measures on tackling climate change, saying China's effort could match that of any developed countries.     They said that some countries' criticism of China on the issue was groundless and irresponsible.     The words were echoed by France's Le Figaro magazine, which said in an editorial that the environment issue cannot be solved without considering the people's interests and national development.     Being a leader in such technologies as wind power, solar energy and carbon capture, China has also spared no efforts in developing nuclear energy, the magazine said.     Le Figaro in an article titled "In Defense of China," called on the international community to learn more about China.     The article said that China's development has contributed to all mankind because it lifted a great number of Chinese people out of poverty and also benefited neighboring countries and the global economy.     It is groundless to say that China did nothing to improve the environment, the article said, citing China's achievements in developing solar energy and a forestation.     The world should be confident in China's ability to combat climate change, it added.

CHANGSHA, Dec. 2 (Xinhua) -- Senior Chinese leader Li Changchun has called on publicity departments and media organizations to "vigorously" disseminate the core values of socialist China and inspire the public to achieve the Party's development goals.     Li, member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, said during his inspection tour to Hunan Province that China's achievements in the reform and opening up and modernization cause should be well presented, as well as the country's successful experience in dealing with the financial crisis.     Li's five-day tour ended Wednesday, during which he urged publicity departments and news media to "spread China's practices in keeping economic development steady and relatively fast amid the international financial crisis."

BEIJING, Dec. 1 (Xinhua) -- The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) of China's manufacturing sector stood at 55.2 percent in November, unchanged from the previous month, the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing (CFLP) said on Tuesday.     It was the ninth straight month that the PMI reading stayed above 50.     A reading of above 50 suggests expansion, while one below 50 indicates contraction. The PMI includes a package of indices that measure economic performance.     In November, new order index and output index both held steady from figures in the previous month at 58.4 percent and 59.4 percent, respectively.     New export order index was 53.6 percent, down by 0.9 percentage points compared to November while purchasing price index rose by 6.5 percentage points to 63.4 percent.     Only three out of the 20 surveyed sectors reported a PMI index reading below 50, which were paper making and printing, oil processing, and beverages making.    

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BEIJING, Dec. 27 (Xinhua) -- China will maintain its pro-active fiscal policy and moderately loose monetary policy to buoy the economy in 2010 as many uncertainties persisted at home and abroad, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said Sunday. Averting the trend of falling global demand remained difficult, Wen said in an exclusive interview with Xinhua.     "Economies of some countries are starting to pick up, but fluctuations are still possible," Wen said.     "China's economy has been on track for recovery. However, the economic performance and operations of enterprises still mainly rely on support from government's policies," Wen said.     "A consolidated recovery in the country's economy does not point to a complete revival and a full revival does not mean China's economy is developing in a sustainable way," Wen said. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao smiles during an exclusive interview with Xinhua News Agency at Ziguangge building inside Zhongnanhai, an office compound of the Chinese central authorities at the heart of Beijing, capital of China, Dec. 27, 2009    "To withdraw macro-economic policies too early will likely ruin the efforts made before and reverse economic development," Wen said.     The government would maintain the stability and continuity of macro-economic policies while comprehensively watching the domestic and foreign economic situations, Wen said.     The State Council, or the Cabinet, announced on Nov. 5, 2008, that the government would shift the fiscal policy from "prudent to pro-active" and the monetary policy from "tight to moderately loose" to stimulate the economy by expanding domestic demand to offset a slump in exports.     The Cabinet also unveiled a 4-trillion-yuan (585.6 billion U.S. dollars) stimulus package the same day.     "We have stabilized economic growth and employment and maintained social stability over the past year," Wen said. "The government's economic stimulus package has proved effective."     China's economy grew 8.9 percent in the third quarter, the fastest rate in a year, after expanding by 7.9 percent in the second quarter and 6.1 percent in the first three months, boosted by the massive government investment and record bank lending.     The People's Bank of China, the central bank, scrapped lending limits of commercial banks in November last year.     In the first 11 months of this year, new bank loans hit 9.21 trillion yuan, an increase of 5.06 trillion yuan over the same period last year, far exceeding the full year target of 5 trillion yuan the government set in March.     The government pledged at the Central Economic Work Conference earlier this month that it would stick to the pro-active fiscal policy and moderately loose monetary policy in 2010 to sustain a recovery backed by the stimulus package.     The government would adjust macro-economic policies in line with the changing economic situation and study issues arising during implementation of such policies, Wen said.     China would gear more investment to social welfare, technical innovation and energy conservation and emission cuts next year, Wen said.

BEIJING, Nov. 17 (Xinhua) -- China and the United States singed a joint statement here Tuesday after talks between Chinese President Hu Jintao and his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama, agreeing that "the transition to a green and low-carbon economy is essential."     Both China and the United States believed the clean energy industry will provide vast opportunities for citizens of both countries in the years ahead, said the statement signed during Obama' s first visit to China since taking office in January.     According to the statement, the two sides welcomed significant steps forward to advance policy dialogue and practical cooperation on climate change, energy and the environment, building on the China-U.S. Memorandum of Understanding to Enhance Cooperation on Climate Change, Energy and Environment announced at the first round of China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogues in July and formally signed during Obama' s visit.     The statement said both sides recognized the importance of the Ten Year Framework on Energy and Environment Cooperation (TYF) and are committed to strengthening cooperation in promoting clean air, water, transportation, electricity, and resources conservation.     Through a new China-U.S. Energy Efficiency Action Plan under the TYF, both countries "will work together to achieve cost-effective energy efficiency improvement in industry, buildings and consumer products through technical cooperation, demonstration and policy exchanges," said the statement.     Noting both countries' significant investment in energy efficiency, the two Presidents underscored the enormous opportunities to create jobs and enhance economic growth brought by energy savings.     The two countries welcomed the signing of the Protocol Between the Ministry of Science and Technology, National Energy Administration of the People's Republic of China and the Department of Energy of the United States of America on a Clean Energy Research Center, according to the document.     The Center will facilitate joint research and development on clean energy by scientists and engineers from both countries. It will have one headquarters in each country, with public and private funding of at least 150 million U.S. dollars over five years split evenly between the two countries. Priority topics to be addressed will include energy efficiency in buildings, clean coal (including carbon capture and sequestration), and clean vehicles.     The two sides welcomed the launch of China-U.S. Electric Vehicles Initiative designed to put millions of electric vehicles on the roads of both countries in the years ahead, the statement said.     Building on significant investments in electric vehicles in both the United States and China, the two governments announced a program of joint demonstration projects in more than a dozen cities, along with work to develop common technical standards to facilitate rapid scale-up of the industry, the statement said, adding that the two sides agreed that their countries share a strong common interest in the rapid deployment of clean vehicles.     About 21st century coal technologies, the two countries agreed to promote cooperation on large-scale carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) demonstrations projects and begin work immediately on the development, deployment, diffusion and transfer of CCS technology. The two sides welcomed recent agreements between Chinese and U.S. companies, universities and research institutions to cooperate on CCS and more efficient coal technologies.     With regard to joint efforts on tackling the climate change, the two sides welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Cooperation between the National Development and Reform Commission of China and Environmental Protection Agency of the United States to Build Capacity to Address Climate Change.     The statement said the two sides welcomed the launch of a China-U.S. Renewable Energy Partnership, through which the two countries will chart a pathway to wide-scale deployment of wind, solar, advanced bio-fuels and a modern electric power grid in both countries and cooperate in designing and implementing the policy and technical tools necessary to make that vision possible.     Shared confidence on the bilateral cooperation in this field was expressed by the statement, which said that given the combined market size of the two countries, accelerated deployment of renewable energy in China and the United States can significantly reduce the cost of these technologies globally.     On the promotion of the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the two sides agreed to consult with one another in order to explore such approaches--including assurance of fuel supply and cradle-to-grave nuclear fuel management so that countries can access peaceful nuclear power while minimizing the risks of proliferation. 

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BEIJING, Dec. 16 -- Premier Wen Jiabao will leave for Copenhagen this afternoon, hoping to help seal a fair and effective climate change deal for the planet and secure China's emission rights.     Wen will join world leaders, including US President Barack Obama, at the United Nations climate change conference in Oslo for its crucial last two days. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu Tuesday said he is likely to meet state leaders from India, Brazil and South Africa, among others.     "China, as a developing country, will make its due contribution to the UN conference," said Jiang.     It is not yet known whether Wen and Obama will meet on the fringes of the conference but he has worked the phones relentlessly in the past 10 days, calling as many as 10 world leaders and UN chief Ban Ki-moon in an attempt to secure a workable agreement.     Chinese officials have also had important meetings in recent days with negotiators from many countries, including representatives from the United Kingdom and Germany.     But during the past 10 days, China and the US have not held any official meetings at any level in respect to climate change.     If Wen and Obama do get the chance to meet, they will likely have lots to talk about - the US recently urged China to accept a binding carbon reduction target and said it will not provide financial support to Beijing for climate initiatives.     China, meanwhile, called on the US to set a more ambitious target for emissions reduction after Washington promised to cut them by around 4 percent by 2020 from the 1990 base. Developing countries had urged the US and wealthy countries to slash emissions by 40 percent.     Experts have called on the US and China to narrow their differences in a bid to ensure the conference is a success.     Experts played down the likelihood of the world achieving an ambitious global treaty in Copenhagen but said Wen will defend China's status as a developing country and protect its right to economic expansion in the future.     Jiang said the summit has seen both conflicts and achievements.     She said the main stumbling block to real progress has been the reluctance of developed nations to hand over funding and technical support to developing nations that they promised in earlier agreements.     "If they abandon the principles of the Bali Road Map and the Kyoto Protocol, it will have a negative impact and hamper the conference," Jiang said.     She added that China supports the contention that some smaller developing island countries and African countries are in the most urgent need of funding support and should get help first.     But the spokesperson stressed that developed countries have a legal obligation to help all developing countries.     Huang Shengchu, president of the China Coal Information Institute, said the fact that Wen will be in Copenhagen shows the determination of the Chinese government to secure a good deal.     Zhang Haibin, an environmental politics professor at Peking University, said the presence of leaders such as Wen will inject hope that a deal can be found.     "It demonstrates the leaders' will to take up the responsibility to rescue the whole of human kind," said Zhang. "However, because of the nature of world politics, the chances of reaching an effective and ambitious agreement, in the end, are slim."     John Sayer, director of Oxfam Hong Kong, said many developing countries, including China, India, Brazil and South Africa, have voluntarily offered to cut emissions. China recently said it will reduce its carbon intensity by between 40 and 45 percent by 2020 from the 2005 base level.     However, as Zhang pointed out, some US experts, instead of welcoming such offers, have called on China to let international organizations verify that emissions are indeed falling.     Daniel Dudek, chief economist with the US Environmental Defense Fund, said the world seems to be unsure about whether China is serious about cutting emissions and achieving a good post-Kyoto deal.     "I think that people want to be reassured that China wants to achieve an agreement at Copenhagen and that China values moving forward on climate change more than winning its negotiating positions," he said.

BEIJING, Dec. 10 (Xinhua) -- China on Thursday warned that the rich nations should not "shift and shirk" responsibility on climate change, and urged them to provide developing countries with funds to deal with the global issue.     "According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), developed countries have responsibility to offer financial support to all developing countries on mitigating and adapting to climate change," Foreign Ministry spokeswoman told a regular news briefing.     "Funding is one of the key issues that will determine the success or failure of the Copenhagen conference. The offer of funds is the unshirkable responsibility of developed countries," said Jiang.     The UN Climate Change Conference, which opened Monday in Copenhagen, gathered representatives from 192 countries and aimed at mapping out a plan for combatting climate change from 2012 to 2020.     Financial support is a key issue at the talks.     Reports has quoted Todd Stern, U.S. special envoy for climate change, as saying that the United States would contribute to a fund aimed at helping developing nations deal with climate change, but China would not be a recipient of financial aid as it had a booming economy and large foreign exchange reserves.     "We hope that developed countries can positively respond to reasonable requests and suggestions from developing countries, demonstrate political sincerity and fulfil their obligations rather than shift and shirk responsibility," said Jiang.     "We hope the relevant parties make efforts to make the Copenhagen conference achieve results acceptable to all sides," Jiang said.