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WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao and Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on Sunday pledged joint efforts to expand bilateral cooperation at their meeting here.     The two leaders met on the sidelines of the Group of 20 (G20) summit on financial markets and the world economy.     Hu said China and Australia are witnessing healthy and rapid development of bilateral ties, with ever deepening mutual understanding and trust. Marked achievements have been secured in the mutually beneficial cooperation in trade, energy, environmental protection, technology, education, culture, law enforcement and tourism, he said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd during their meeting in Washington Nov. 16, 2008Bilateral trade is growing rapidly and negotiations on a free trade agreement are making steady progress, the Chinese president said.     Hu said both sides are maintaining coordination on major global issues like climate change and the current financial crisis, and have seen increasing consensus and cooperation.     He pointed out that China and Australia face unprecedented opportunities for deepening all-round bilateral cooperation in the face of many global challenges to the international community.     China is ready to work with Australia to keep high-level contacts, enhance exchanges and dialogue and deepen mutual trust and cooperation on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, Hu said.     Rudd said Australia hopes to elevate bilateral relations to the level of a strategic partnership.     Australia is willing to open its doors to Chinese investment in the energy and raw material sectors and expects China to provide more opportunities for Australian products and services to enter the Chinese market, he said.     Australia hopes to enhance high-level political dialogue with China in international organizations and international affairs, and strengthen bilateral and multilateral consultations and cooperation, Rudd said.     The Chinese president described the G20 summit in Washington asa success and urged all sides involved to make joint efforts to implement the agreements reached at the meeting.     He also called for strong measures to stop the financial crisis from spreading further and to restore confidence and market stability.     All sides involved should adjust their macroeconomic policy and make full use of monetary and fiscal measures to promote growth and avoid a global recession, he said.     There is a need to steadily push forward reforms of the international financial system to make it conducive to the stability of financial markets and economic growth, he said.     China has adopted a series of measures to promote growth and boost domestic demand, Hu said, adding that these measures, while promoting China's economic growth, will also help stabilize the world economy.     Hu also said the measures will provide new opportunities for Australian businesses and called on both sides to seize the opportunities to promote bilateral trade and economic ties.     Rudd praised China's contributions to the positive outcome of the G20 summit and said China's recently-announced economic stimulus package is good news for both the Chinese and the world economy.     He said China's policies during the Asian financial crisis in 1997 contributed to the economic recovery and growth of the region, and Australia sees favorably China's similar actions this time.     Rudd expressed confidence that the current difficulties in the world economy will be overcome, and he said Australia hopes both sides will strengthen cooperation to jointly contribute to global economic growth.     The United States is the first leg of President Hu's five-nation tour, which will also take him to Costa Rica, Cuba, Peru and Greece.     During his stay in Peru, he will attend the Economic Leaders' Informal Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Lima. 

BEIJING, Dec. 14 (Xinhua) -- Chinese media selected the 10 most popular phrases from the past three decades to mark the official 30th anniversary of China's reform and opening up, which falls on this month.     When China began to reform and open-up 30 years ago, people began experiencing, seeing and doing new things. In fact things were so new, they needed to create new words to describe what was happening.     In order of popularity, starting with number one:     "Go in for business"     In the 1980s when China was starting to transition from a planned economy to a market economy, it had a two-track pricing system (official and market prices) for industrial raw materials, including steel, non-ferrous metals, timber and coal.     Seeing business opportunities within the pricing system, many people, especially government employees and those from state-run factories or institutes, quit their jobs to open their own businesses.     "Going for business" was often used to refer to the phenomena of people breaking away from the constraints of a planned system to embrace the market economy. 　　"Be laid off and get re-employed"     To adapt to the market economy and improve competitiveness of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the 1990s, China began restructuring.     "Encouraging mergers, standardizing bankruptcy, laying off and reassigning redundant workers, streamlining for higher efficiency" was a guideline in the SOEs reforms.     No official statistics show how many workers were laid off during that period, but experts estimate the number could be tens of millions.     To avoid social unrest and help most of those workers find new jobs, the Chinese central government offered occupational trainings, small loans and preferential tax policies.     "Migrant worker"     China's reform and opening-up drive started in rural areas in 1978 with collectively-owned farmland contracted to individual families. This freed about 100 million peasants from farm work.     However, most of these people were tied to the countryside by a residence-based rationing system for virtually everything, including food. About 63 million of these former farmers were given jobs in village-run enterprises that mushroomed in those days.     A policy change in 1984 allowed them to find jobs in cities but the massive migration of rural laborers didn't start until after China decided to move to a market economy in 1992.     The rapid inflow of investors created many construction, factory and mining jobs, most of which urban dwellers consider too tiring or dirty.     The number of migrants grew from 60 million in 1992 to 120 million in 2003 and 210 million this year, according to central government figures.     The work of the migrant population has generated 21 percent of China's gross domestic product in the past 30 years, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found. But migrant workers face various problems, including delayed pay schedules, no or low work-place injury compensation, lack of health care and little schooling for their children.     "It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice."     This sentence was used by late leader Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China's reform and opening-up, on different occasions to clear up doubts as to whether the economic reform was capitalist or socialist.     The sentence helped stop ideological arguments at the early stage of reform and encouraged generations of Chinese to pursue their dreams in the market economy. 　　"Surfing the Internet"     The Internet was introduced in China more than 10 years ago. It quickly gained popularity and impacted society.     While online music, instant communication services, video streaming and online games greatly entertained millions of Chinese, the Internet also became a powerful news medium where information was disclosed, shared and publicized quickly.     Through June, China had 221 million netizens, according to the Data Center of China Internet (DCCI). The netizen population, which had already surpassed that of the United States to become the world's largest, would increase to 263 million by the end of this year, DCCI forecasted.     E-commerce transactions amounted to 2 trillion yuan (about 300 billion U.S. dollars) in 2007 and 25 percent of netizens had bought something online after "surfing the Internet" as of June this year. 　　"Reform and opening-up"     In 1978, a group of villagers from Xiaogang village in eastern Anhui Province decided to adopt a household contract responsibility system, which entrusted the management and production of public owned farmland to individual households through long-term contracts.     Later the system, described by then Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping as "a great invention of Chinese farmers", was widely adopted across the country and triggered economic reform.     Over the past 30 years, the country witnessed significant changes in comprehensive national strength, people's living standards and international influence thanks to the reform and opening-up policy.     China's share of the world's combined gross output rose to 6 percent at the end of 2007, compared with just 1.8 percent in 1978when its reform and opening-up began, according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).     Fast economic growth over the past 30 years lifted China's GDP ranking in the world from 10th in 1978 to fourth after the United States, Japan and Germany     According to the NBS, China's per capita income jumped to 2,360U.S. dollars in 2007 from 190 U.S. dollars in 1978.     "Beijing Olympic Games"     Many believe that without opening-up, it would be impossible for China to host the 2008 Beijing Olympics.     The Games, commended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Jacques Rogge as "truly exceptional", were seen by the world as China's come-of-age show on the international stage.     China grabbed a total of 100 medals at the Beijing Games -- a coincidence as the country dreamt for 100 years to be the Olympic host -- and overtook the United States to top the gold medal count with 51.     As the most watched Games in history, with an estimated 4.5 billion TV and Internet viewers, the Beijing Olympics attracted the most participants, who were from a record 204 countries and regions.     "Speculate in stocks"     In 1990, China opened its first stock exchange in Shanghai, the country's industrial and financial center. In 1991, it set up its second bourse in Shenzhen, the country's first special economic zone.     China witnessed waves of stock crazes over the years and fluctuations in the stock market touch the nerves of millions of Chinese.     In 2007, the country saw a bull stock market, with the key benchmark Shanghai Composite Index soaring from 2,728 points in January to 5,261 points, or 92.85 percent, on December 28.     In fact, the market has been on a bullish run for 29 months from June 6, 2005 to November 2007, longer than the general bullish market cycle of 17 to 24 months.     But it has dipped since last November.     "Chinese characteristics"     The phrase became well-known as an answer by late leader Deng to the question of how China could improve its productivity and people's lives with its less-developed economy.     Deng's answer was "to build socialism with Chinese characteristics". It means China has its own way of development rather than copying other countries' experiences.     The phrase is frequently quoted by the Chinese and used in China's official documents.     "Rise abruptly"     The phrase, or "Xiong Qi" in Chinese meaning "Go! Go!", is a dialect of southwest China's Sichuan Province. It was originally used by football fans to inspire teams in the 1990s.     The phrase soon became popular among the Chinese public and was used widely outside the sports field to encourage people to keep up their spirits.     After the May 12 earthquake in Sichuan, Chinese used the phrase to show their care and support to the quake-affected areas and people.     The 10 phrases were selected by 15 Chinese media, including the Beijing Evening News, the Shanghai Evening Post, the Tianjin-based Jin Wan Bao, the Guangzhou-based Yangcheng Evening News and the Shanxi Evening News.     Newspapers, which are based in 15 provinces and municipalities, started soliciting catch phrases from the public in October, according to the Beijing Evening News.     The list, voted on by readers and netizens, was publicized in Shanghai on Saturday.

BEIJING, Dec. 30 (Xinhua) -- Accountability became a vogue word in Chinese politics in 2008, highlighted by the resignation of the chief quality supervisor.     Li Changjiang, former director of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, stepped down in September in the tainted milk scandal, days after the resignation of Shanxi Governor Meng Xuenong following a deadly landslide triggered by the collapse of an illegal mining dump.     Many junior officials also swallowed the bitter pills of penalties and resignations. In early December, the director of the construction bureau of Shijiazhuang, capital of Hebei Province, was removed from his post after six bureau officials were found gambling during work time.     Officials were even punished for dozing in meetings, such as 12local officials in Shaanxi Province, who were reprimanded in June.     "The accountability system has been taken to a new high, which reflects the method of administration as stipulated in the keynote report of the 17th Party congress," said Wu Zhongmin of the Party School of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee.     "The party underlines the idea of people first, so it is not unusual that officials are punished after public interests are infringed," Wu said.     Chinese media have used the word "storm" to describe the wave of cases in which officials were punished over accountability -- often indirect -- in accidents and scandals this year. Such events were rare in the past decade.     In southwestern Yunnan Province, 864 officials have been punished so far this year, while at least 279 in the northeastern Jilin Province have been punished since last November.     "A storm is powerful, and the accountability storm shows the country's determination to run the party and government properly," said Han Yu, professor in the Party School of the CPC Hebei Provincial Committee.     The storm also shows the power of public opinion, Han added. "There should be someone held responsible for serious infringement of public interests."     China activated the official accountability system during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis in 2003. More than1,000 officials, including then Health Minister Zhang Wenkang and Beijing Mayor Meng Xuenong, were ousted for attempts to cover up the epidemic or incompetence in SARS prevention and control.     The system was later introduced at all levels of government, and more officials lost their jobs over major accidents or administrative errors.     Just days before Li's resignation, President Hu Jintao, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, reprimanded "some officials" over work and food safety accidents this year.     These accidents indicated that some cadres lacked a sense of responsibility and had loose governance, and some paid no attention to people's complaints and were even insensitive to life-threatening problems, Hu said.     As early as in May, a father complained about tainted milk powder after his 13-year-old daughter developed kidney stones, and the Department of Health of Gansu Province in July received a report implying problematic milk powder produced by the Sanlu Group headquartered in Shijiazhuang city.     However, the scandal was covered up until September. The Ministry of Health has said it was likely the contamination killed six babies. Another 294,000 infants suffered from urinary problems such as kidney stones.     Premier Wen Jiabao said development of enterprises and the economy should not be achieved at the cost of lives and public health, and he vowed to punish officials for major incidents.     Conditions could be tougher for officials in the future, as the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection said in late December that authorities are drafting rules to intensify the accountability system.

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 BEIJING, Jan. 11 (Xinhua) -- The General Political Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) has issued a notice ordering all members of the PLA and the Chinese People's Armed Police Corps (PAPC) to study a recent instruction on value made byHu Jintao, chairman of the Central Military Commission.     Addressing a recent military conference, Hu urged servicemen to strengthen their spiritual pillar and foster the core value of "Beloyal to the Party, love the people, serve the nation, be devoted to the mission, and worship credit."     Hu's instruction has put forward a major strategic task for ideological and political building of the Army under the new historic conditions, said the notice. It urges the whole armed forces to seriously study and implement the important instruction of Hu, who is also China's president and general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee.     The "core value for contemporary revolutionary soldiers" raised by Hu holds the key for ideological and political building of the Army, it says, adding that it is of "great realistic significance and far-reaching historic importance."     The core value reflects the relations between Chinese servicemen and the Party, the people, the nation and the Army, as well as the most fundamental and the innermost value among Chinese servicemen, it says.     The core value reflects an integration of the Chinese Army's good traditions, the demands of the development of the times, and the pursuit of value by Chinese soldiers and officers, according to the circular.

 BEIJING, Dec. 12 (Xinhua) -- A Chinese mainland official said on Friday that the mainland is ready to launch a direct postal service across the Taiwan Straits slated for next Monday.     The direct postal service would end a situation that has prevailed since 1949, under which air, sea and postal movements between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan have gone through a third place.     Wang Yuci, deputy head of the State Post Bureau of China, said Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Xi'an, Nanjing and Chengdu in the Chinese mainland, and Taipei, Kaohsiung, Keelung, Kinmen and Matsu of Taiwan were selected as regional distribution centers for the service.     Distribution centers would be adjusted or added based on future needs, he noted.     New services between post bureaux across the Taiwan Straits including express mail, parcel post, and postal remittances would start from next Monday to meet the needs of people on both sides, he said.     Before, only registered mails were allowed to be sent across the Taiwan Straits following an agreement signed by the mainland's Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) and the Taiwan-based Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) in 1993.     Parcels, remittances and express mails could only be sent via Hong Kong and Macao.     However, the official said the new postal remittance service would be carried out by phases because of technical problems.     Residents on the mainland could cash their remittance from Taiwan next Monday, while Taiwan residents had to wait until January or February, he said.     In early November, the ARATS and the SEF, authorized by the Chinese mainland and Taiwan respectively to handle cross-Straits issues, signed the agreements on direct postal services during their first summit in Taipei.     The two sides also signed agreements on direct shipping and flights, and food safety.

BEIJING, Dec. 30 (Xinhua) -- Accountability became a vogue word in Chinese politics in 2008, highlighted by the resignation of the chief quality supervisor.     Li Changjiang, former director of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, stepped down in September in the tainted milk scandal, days after the resignation of Shanxi Governor Meng Xuenong following a deadly landslide triggered by the collapse of an illegal mining dump.     Many junior officials also swallowed the bitter pills of penalties and resignations. In early December, the director of the construction bureau of Shijiazhuang, capital of Hebei Province, was removed from his post after six bureau officials were found gambling during work time.     Officials were even punished for dozing in meetings, such as 12local officials in Shaanxi Province, who were reprimanded in June.     "The accountability system has been taken to a new high, which reflects the method of administration as stipulated in the keynote report of the 17th Party congress," said Wu Zhongmin of the Party School of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee.     "The party underlines the idea of people first, so it is not unusual that officials are punished after public interests are infringed," Wu said.     Chinese media have used the word "storm" to describe the wave of cases in which officials were punished over accountability -- often indirect -- in accidents and scandals this year. Such events were rare in the past decade.     In southwestern Yunnan Province, 864 officials have been punished so far this year, while at least 279 in the northeastern Jilin Province have been punished since last November.     "A storm is powerful, and the accountability storm shows the country's determination to run the party and government properly," said Han Yu, professor in the Party School of the CPC Hebei Provincial Committee.     The storm also shows the power of public opinion, Han added. "There should be someone held responsible for serious infringement of public interests."     China activated the official accountability system during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis in 2003. More than1,000 officials, including then Health Minister Zhang Wenkang and Beijing Mayor Meng Xuenong, were ousted for attempts to cover up the epidemic or incompetence in SARS prevention and control.     The system was later introduced at all levels of government, and more officials lost their jobs over major accidents or administrative errors.     Just days before Li's resignation, President Hu Jintao, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, reprimanded "some officials" over work and food safety accidents this year.     These accidents indicated that some cadres lacked a sense of responsibility and had loose governance, and some paid no attention to people's complaints and were even insensitive to life-threatening problems, Hu said.     As early as in May, a father complained about tainted milk powder after his 13-year-old daughter developed kidney stones, and the Department of Health of Gansu Province in July received a report implying problematic milk powder produced by the Sanlu Group headquartered in Shijiazhuang city.     However, the scandal was covered up until September. The Ministry of Health has said it was likely the contamination killed six babies. Another 294,000 infants suffered from urinary problems such as kidney stones.     Premier Wen Jiabao said development of enterprises and the economy should not be achieved at the cost of lives and public health, and he vowed to punish officials for major incidents.     Conditions could be tougher for officials in the future, as the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection said in late December that authorities are drafting rules to intensify the accountability system.

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BEIJING, Nov. 26 (Xinhua) -- China's State Council, or the Cabinet, said on Wednesday that more efforts would be made to encourage enterprises to upgrade technology and engage in independent innovation.     It also said there would be policies to promote merger and acquisition among enterprises.     The policies were clinched at an executive meeting of the State Council, presided over by Premier Wen Jiabao. The meeting was held to discuss measures to address difficulties faced by enterprises and promote economic growth and deliberate plans to reform finished oil pricing mechanism and fuel taxes and fees.     According to the meeting, plans would be drawn up to help some key industries, including steel, auto, ship manufacturing, petrochemical, light industry, textile, nonferrous metals, equipment manufacturing and information technology.     The meeting urged banks to increase credit supply to help small and medium enterprises overcome difficulties.     To offset adverse global economic conditions, the State Council on Nov. 9 has announced a 4 trillion yuan (585.7 billion U.S. dollars) stimulus package to boost domestic demand. This will be combined with other boosting measures, such as loosening credit conditions and cutting taxes.     The huge amount of money will be spent over the next two years to finance programs in 10 major areas, such as low-income housing, rural infrastructure, water, electricity, transportation, the environment, technological innovation and rebuilding after several disasters, most notably the May 12 earthquake.     The State Council also discussed the reform plans of finished oil pricing mechanism and fuel tax and fees at the meeting. It decided to make public the two draft reform plans to solicit public advice.     According to the National Development and Reform Commission, the government has been studying a fuel tax to replace the current road tolls imposed upon vehicles.     The long-awaited fuel tax and fee reform was first proposed in 1994.     The State Council meeting also reached decisions to increase the storage of key materials and resources, accelerate development of the service industry and enhance measures to promote employment and social security.     More education and job training would be provided among the government's efforts to increase employment. This education and training should also cover the lay-off workers and rural laborers who returned from cities because of unemployment, according to the meeting.

BEIJING, Dec. 28 (Xinhua) -- China had "unprecedented dynamic interaction" with the rest of the world in 2008, receiving some 180 heads of state or government, Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi said here Sunday.     Yang made the remarks when addressing a new year reception in the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse. State Councilor Dai Bingguo and more than 400 foreign diplomats and Chinese officials were also present.     Yang said the cooperation between China and the rest of the world was further consolidated and enhanced amid the natural disasters, Beijing Olympics as well as the international financial turmoil.     The year 2008 marks the 30th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up. "Great changes have taken place in China and China's diplomacy have reached a new height," Yang said. Chinese State Councillor Dai Bingguo (R) and Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi (C) cheers with a foreign envoy during a New Year reception held by the Minitry of Foreign Affairs of China, in Beijing, capital of China, Dec. 28, 2008.     China will remain on the road of peaceful development and adhere to the mutually beneficial strategy in the coming year, making unremitting efforts for the comprehensively sustainable social development and the peace and stability of the world, he said.     Nolana Ta Ama, Togolese Ambassador to China, said on behalf of the diplomatic corps in Beijing that the world needs China in the past, at present and in the future.     "All ambassadors are hoping to enhance dialogue and cooperation with China," Ta Ama said.     "Our task will be completed smoothly, as the country we are in takes not intervening in other countries' internal affairs and not seeking hegemony as the basis of its foreign policy," he said.

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ATHENS, Nov. 2 (Xinhua) -- China attaches great attention to the cross-border cooperation and is willing to work together with the international communities to strengthen its effort in the fight against corruption, Teng Jiuming, head of the Chinese delegation, said at the 13th International Anti-Corruption Conference here on Sunday.     Teng, senior ombudsman from the Ministry of Supervision of China, said that corruption is a common challenge faced by all countries around the world.     "For years we have been carrying out international exchange and cooperation in the anti-corruption field based on the principles of equality, mutual benefit, of respect for differences, and of emphasis on effectiveness."     Teng pointed out that the Chinese government is ready to enhance its anti-corruption efforts together with other countries, regions and international organizations, so as to create a just and harmonious world.     The Chinese delegation also introduced China's anti-corruption strategies and practices in recent years at the conference.     According to the requirement of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), the National Bureau of Corruption Prevention was established under the Central Chinese Government, which is the first corruption prevention organ at the national level since the founding of the People's Republic of China.     Teng said on 13th, May 2008, the Chinese government published the Five-year Work Plan (2008-2012 ) on building and Completing the System for Punishing and Preventing Corruption.     China has also tabled the Anti-Money Laundering Law and the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Disclosure of Government Information in recent years.     Business bribery is a common challenge faced by the international community. The Chinese government has initiated the anti-business bribery battle and notable progresses have been achieved, said Teng.     The 13th International Anti-corruption Conference, which attracted some 1,200 officials, scholars from all over the world to share their views in the fight against corruption, was held in Athens from October 30 to November 2, 2008.

 BEIJING, Jan. 11 (Xinhua) -- The General Political Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) has issued a notice ordering all members of the PLA and the Chinese People's Armed Police Corps (PAPC) to study a recent instruction on value made byHu Jintao, chairman of the Central Military Commission.     Addressing a recent military conference, Hu urged servicemen to strengthen their spiritual pillar and foster the core value of "Beloyal to the Party, love the people, serve the nation, be devoted to the mission, and worship credit."     Hu's instruction has put forward a major strategic task for ideological and political building of the Army under the new historic conditions, said the notice. It urges the whole armed forces to seriously study and implement the important instruction of Hu, who is also China's president and general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee.     The "core value for contemporary revolutionary soldiers" raised by Hu holds the key for ideological and political building of the Army, it says, adding that it is of "great realistic significance and far-reaching historic importance."     The core value reflects the relations between Chinese servicemen and the Party, the people, the nation and the Army, as well as the most fundamental and the innermost value among Chinese servicemen, it says.     The core value reflects an integration of the Chinese Army's good traditions, the demands of the development of the times, and the pursuit of value by Chinese soldiers and officers, according to the circular.